{
 "genere_le": "2026-09-14T03:18:16",
 "titre": "Pont « structure déclarée → transaction observée »",
 "methode": "Les annexes SEC (Exhibit 21 / 8.1) donnent les filiales DÉCLARÉES et leur juridiction. Les flux UN Comtrade n'ont AUCUNE dimension entreprise : le rapprochement porte donc sur (1) les noms de filiales contre les entités du graphe GLEIF et (2) les juridictions déclarées contre les pays observés dans les constats. C'est une INDICATION, jamais une preuve d'identité.",
 "limites": [
  "UN Comtrade ne publie pas la contrepartie entreprise : impossible d'affirmer qu'une filiale a commercé.",
  "L'Exhibit 21 ne liste que les filiales SIGNIFICATIVES : une absence n'est pas une preuve.",
  "La juridiction déclarée est celle de l'immatriculation, pas le lieu de la transaction.",
  "L'appariement de noms est heuristique : aucun numéro de registre ne figure dans ces annexes."
 ],
 "chiffres": {
  "filiales_extraites": 316,
  "groupes": 6,
  "pays_declares_africains": [
   "ghana",
   "south_africa"
  ],
  "pays_declares_et_observes": [
   "ghana",
   "south_africa"
  ],
  "rapprochements_noms_gleif": 0,
  "filiales_portant_le_nom_du_groupe": 169,
  "partenaires_observes": 34
 },
 "par_groupe": [
  {
   "groupe": "Gold Fields",
   "forme": "20-F",
   "annexe": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1172724/000162828026021904/exhibit812025.htm",
   "paires": 20,
   "juridictions": 6,
   "juridictions_africaines": [
    {
     "pays": "south_africa",
     "filiales_declarees": 5,
     "constats_observes": 446,
     "ecart_usd": 211057357386,
     "minerais": [
      "Bauxite (aluminium)",
      "Cobalt brut",
      "Coltan (Nb/Ta)",
      "Cuivre (minerais)"
     ],
     "annees": [
      2018,
      2019,
      2020,
      2021,
      2022,
      2023,
      2024,
      2025
     ]
    },
    {
     "pays": "ghana",
     "filiales_declarees": 2,
     "constats_observes": 76,
     "ecart_usd": 3489137852,
     "minerais": [
      "Bauxite (aluminium)",
      "Cuivre (minerais)",
      "Graphite naturel",
      "Lithium (minerais)"
     ],
     "annees": [
      2018,
      2019,
      2021,
      2022,
      2023,
      2024,
      2025
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "groupe": "Sibanye Stillwater",
   "forme": "20-F",
   "annexe": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1786909/000162828026026991/ex81significantsubs.htm",
   "paires": 4,
   "juridictions": 2,
   "juridictions_africaines": [
    {
     "pays": "south_africa",
     "filiales_declarees": 3,
     "constats_observes": 446,
     "ecart_usd": 211057357386,
     "minerais": [
      "Bauxite (aluminium)",
      "Cobalt brut",
      "Coltan (Nb/Ta)",
      "Cuivre (minerais)"
     ],
     "annees": [
      2018,
      2019,
      2020,
      2021,
      2022,
      2023,
      2024,
      2025
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "groupe": "Newmont",
   "forme": "10-K",
   "annexe": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1164727/000116472726000010/q42025exhibit21.htm",
   "paires": 1,
   "juridictions": 1,
   "juridictions_africaines": []
  },
  {
   "groupe": "Vale",
   "forme": "20-F",
   "annexe": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/917851/000129281426001844/ex-8.htm",
   "paires": 60,
   "juridictions": 19,
   "juridictions_africaines": []
  },
  {
   "groupe": "BHP",
   "forme": "20-F",
   "annexe": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/811809/000119312526354647/bhp-ex8_1.htm",
   "paires": 222,
   "juridictions": 23,
   "juridictions_africaines": [
    {
     "pays": "south_africa",
     "filiales_declarees": 2,
     "constats_observes": 446,
     "ecart_usd": 211057357386,
     "minerais": [
      "Bauxite (aluminium)",
      "Cobalt brut",
      "Coltan (Nb/Ta)",
      "Cuivre (minerais)"
     ],
     "annees": [
      2018,
      2019,
      2020,
      2021,
      2022,
      2023,
      2024,
      2025
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "groupe": "Freeport-McMoRan",
   "forme": "10-K",
   "annexe": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831259/000083125926000012/a4q2025exhibit211.htm",
   "paires": 9,
   "juridictions": 4,
   "juridictions_africaines": []
  }
 ],
 "rapprochements_noms": [],
 "exemples_pays": [
  {
   "groupe": "Gold Fields",
   "pays": "south_africa",
   "filiales_declarees": 5,
   "constats_observes": 446,
   "ecart_usd": 211057357386,
   "minerais": [
    "Bauxite (aluminium)",
    "Cobalt brut",
    "Coltan (Nb/Ta)",
    "Cuivre (minerais)"
   ],
   "annees": [
    2018,
    2019,
    2020,
    2021,
    2022,
    2023,
    2024,
    2025
   ]
  },
  {
   "groupe": "Gold Fields",
   "pays": "ghana",
   "filiales_declarees": 2,
   "constats_observes": 76,
   "ecart_usd": 3489137852,
   "minerais": [
    "Bauxite (aluminium)",
    "Cuivre (minerais)",
    "Graphite naturel",
    "Lithium (minerais)"
   ],
   "annees": [
    2018,
    2019,
    2021,
    2022,
    2023,
    2024,
    2025
   ]
  },
  {
   "groupe": "Sibanye Stillwater",
   "pays": "south_africa",
   "filiales_declarees": 3,
   "constats_observes": 446,
   "ecart_usd": 211057357386,
   "minerais": [
    "Bauxite (aluminium)",
    "Cobalt brut",
    "Coltan (Nb/Ta)",
    "Cuivre (minerais)"
   ],
   "annees": [
    2018,
    2019,
    2020,
    2021,
    2022,
    2023,
    2024,
    2025
   ]
  },
  {
   "groupe": "BHP",
   "pays": "south_africa",
   "filiales_declarees": 2,
   "constats_observes": 446,
   "ecart_usd": 211057357386,
   "minerais": [
    "Bauxite (aluminium)",
    "Cobalt brut",
    "Coltan (Nb/Ta)",
    "Cuivre (minerais)"
   ],
   "annees": [
    2018,
    2019,
    2020,
    2021,
    2022,
    2023,
    2024,
    2025
   ]
  }
 ]
}